首先建議大家從以下幾個(gè)著眼點(diǎn)閱讀這篇文章:
1.文化類文章有哪些分類?
2. 作者讀題時(shí)關(guān)注了哪些點(diǎn)?
3. 實(shí)際論述的時(shí)候,從什么角度和思維切入,思路是如何展開?
4. 括號(hào)內(nèi)的英文表達(dá)和你嘗試的英文表達(dá)有何不同?
文化類文章筆者將其劃分為兩類:一. 語(yǔ)言的同一化的話題;二. 文化新舊,異同產(chǎn)生的話題。
一、語(yǔ)言在全球化背景下的同一化
原因:在全球化的背景之下,經(jīng)濟(jì)文化科技快速發(fā)展,貿(mào)易更加頻繁(close business relationship),交流日益密切(increasing mutual communicating),當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言受到外來(lái)語(yǔ)言特別是通用語(yǔ)(franca lingua)的沖擊,世界的文化多樣性受到了影響(decrease cultural diversity)。但有些人認(rèn)為,這種趨勢(shì)利大于弊。
代表例題:Several languages are dying out every year. However, some people do not think it is important and claim that our life will be simpler with fewer languages. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
解題注意點(diǎn):討論話題-語(yǔ)言越來(lái)越單一(language shift/assimilation)是否需引起注意。可從兩個(gè)角度出發(fā):1. 支持語(yǔ)言多來(lái)越單一。2. 反對(duì)語(yǔ)言越來(lái)越單一。當(dāng)然鑒于題目的問法,也可直接表態(tài),就其中一個(gè)角度展開討論。
另需要特別注意的是該題強(qiáng)調(diào)的是語(yǔ)言單一帶來(lái)的結(jié)果,而不是原因。接下來(lái)嘗試下能否揣摩透我的寫作思路?
支持越來(lái)越單一。語(yǔ)言單一,意味著國(guó)與國(guó)之間交流(improvecommunication) 更加便利(呼應(yīng)了題目的simpler,作切題用),發(fā)展中國(guó)家可更好借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家先進(jìn)技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)(introduce and draw on advanced technology),最終促進(jìn)各國(guó)間經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮,所以有必要(呼應(yīng)題目)。
不支持越來(lái)越單一。語(yǔ)言是文化的一種體現(xiàn)(the representation of cultures)。反映當(dāng)?shù)厝说乃季S習(xí)慣(mindsets),道德觀(traditional moral principles)和文化財(cái)富(culturalpossessions)。語(yǔ)言單一意味著這些東西的丟失,最終可能造成國(guó)家社會(huì)凝聚力和創(chuàng)造力/多樣性的削弱(social cohesion and creativity/diversity will be undermined), 而這些都是一個(gè)國(guó)家永葆獨(dú)立興盛的重要要素(important factors in sustaining an independent and prosperous nation)所以應(yīng)當(dāng)阻止語(yǔ)言單一 (呼應(yīng)題目)。
有很多同學(xué)問如何把零碎的觀點(diǎn)有條理地呈現(xiàn)出來(lái),在這給大家介紹一種思維順序:把題目話題具體化(從一個(gè)點(diǎn)切入,而不是一個(gè)面),通過這個(gè)具體的點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步討論它導(dǎo)致的直接甚至深遠(yuǎn)結(jié)果。請(qǐng)回過頭來(lái)看一下文章思路,能否劃分出這些思維過程?比如剛剛提到的支持方,思維過程首先從交流(點(diǎn))開始,到技術(shù),經(jīng)驗(yàn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展(結(jié)果)。
當(dāng)然我們還是要適當(dāng)考慮下如何解決或改善語(yǔ)言同一化所帶來(lái)人們歸屬感、社會(huì)凝聚力、國(guó)家創(chuàng)造力方面的問題,以應(yīng)對(duì)建議類問題。在這里給大家介紹最常規(guī)好用的幾種解決方案思考角度:
從根源上去解決問題(tackle the root of problems)。比如加強(qiáng)本國(guó)語(yǔ)言和愛國(guó)教育(give more importance to native language and patriotic education),提高民族自豪感(raise the sense of pride)。
從制度上去避免問題(formulate and adopt policies to avoid problems)比如加強(qiáng)文化和媒體審查制度(strengthen censorship of the foreign media),過濾非法暴力色情內(nèi)容(filter illegal violent and obscene contents)或帶有政治利益的信息(views with political interests)。
通過激勵(lì)措施去正確引導(dǎo)(incentive measures to lead to a disadvantageous position)。比如政府多鼓勵(lì)本國(guó)優(yōu)勢(shì)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)(encourage the industrialization of indigenous cultures),繁榮該文化的發(fā)展(flourish the cultures)。
以上觀點(diǎn)請(qǐng)大家理解并理清其思路,并對(duì)詞條加以記憶,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),其觀點(diǎn)和語(yǔ)言可被廣泛運(yùn)用相關(guān)題型,嘗試思考以下的題目:
Do you think there is the necessity of creating a new global language? Give specific reasons and examples.
What are the reasons for losing a variety of languages and cultures?
At present many people think that one language should be used as the common language, but others think that by doing so the cultures of different nations will be lost.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
二、文化異同,新舊產(chǎn)生的話題
文化異同導(dǎo)致的沖突:
代表題型:International travel often leads people to have some prejudices rather than broad-minded.What are the main reasons for this phenomenon? What do you think people can do to get better understanding of the countries they visit?
解題要點(diǎn):1. 明確討論主題:international travel,prejudices,注意broad-minded不是此題的討論點(diǎn),應(yīng)避免答非所問; 2. 注意題目問法,要求給出原因和解決方案, 很多同學(xué)往往看到題目就寫,結(jié)果寫成prejudices導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果,造成偏題。
具體思路(原因):
國(guó)際旅游意味著語(yǔ)言不通(language barriers)和文化差異(cultural differences), 比如人們?cè)谠谫?gòu)物中,有些國(guó)家接收討價(jià)還價(jià)(bargain),有些國(guó)家這種行為不被廣泛接受(not generally accepted),最終會(huì)造成人們之間一定的誤解和沖突(cause misunderstanding and conflicts)(呼應(yīng)題目)。
有些游客僅僅只是為了玩樂(for pleasure),所以缺乏對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的了解(superficial understanding of local tradition and customs),比如觸犯當(dāng)?shù)氐慕桑╲iolate a local taboo)或使用不尊重的語(yǔ)言(disrespectful languages),結(jié)果導(dǎo)致偏見(呼應(yīng)題目)。
解決方案:
從根源上去解決問題(tackle the root of problems):置身在當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕?immerse themselves in the local culture),比如生活在當(dāng)?shù)?,學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言以及主動(dòng)遵守規(guī)則(take an active role in obeying rules),從而與當(dāng)?shù)厝伺囵B(yǎng)好的人際關(guān)系(develop good relationship with the local)。
從制度上去避免問題(formulateand adopt policies to avoid problems)。通過法律法規(guī)(enact laws and regulations)規(guī)范所有人的行為(rule people’s behaviour and languages). 比如一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有人使用侮辱性或攻擊性語(yǔ)言(abusive and aggressive languages),人們有權(quán)尋求警察幫助(inform police of the truth and request help),維護(hù)自身權(quán)益(protect their own rights)。
通過激勵(lì)措施去正確引導(dǎo)(incentive measures to lead to a disadvantageous position)。 通過加強(qiáng)兩國(guó)之間的文化溝通,比如舉辦文化沙龍(culture salon)以及國(guó)際旅游節(jié)(international tourism festival),增進(jìn)了解(deepen mutual understanding and build emotional ties)。
文化新舊的話題-練習(xí)部分:
該話題范圍較為寬泛,涉及范圍和題目變化形式多樣,在這里已為讀者理清思路和素材。
(衣食住行)新事物的替代:
原因和影響:隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技的進(jìn)步,人們的衣食住行方面都在發(fā)生著細(xì)微或顯著變化(change or revolutionise people’s ways of living)。比如,人們有更多的閑置資金(disposable funds)來(lái)購(gòu)買生活必需品(basic necessities)甚至奢侈品(luxury goods),從而開始奢侈的生活(lead a lavish life)而非過去簡(jiǎn)樸的生活(a frugal life),許多的人因此會(huì)感受到幸福(feel happiness),因?yàn)闈M足了人最基本的生理需求(physical needs)和精神需求(spiritual needs),當(dāng)然還有小部分的人,實(shí)現(xiàn)了自我價(jià)值(self-realisation)。
具體說來(lái),新舊文化的交替,帶來(lái)生活方式的巨大改變,具體到生活吃穿住行方方面面。這其中好壞都有。具體帶來(lái)哪些影響呢?
談到穿著,時(shí)尚體現(xiàn)的是一種審美觀(perception of beauty)和想象力(imagination),從而打破陳舊(break the mould),豐富人們的精神生活(fulfill spiritual lives)和提高生活質(zhì)量(improve living standards)。但是可能會(huì)造成社會(huì)群體社會(huì)特別是青少年過度追捧流行趨勢(shì),導(dǎo)致傳統(tǒng)服飾(traditional costumes)的不被重視,甚至該行業(yè)的衰退(fall behind)。
快餐食物因?yàn)楦呖防铮╤igh in calories, salt and fast),從而容易引發(fā)肥胖(lead to obesity),導(dǎo)致不健康的身體狀況(poor physical condition),但是不可否認(rèn),它們能夠豐富烹飪方法(traditional recipes)以及帶來(lái)生活的便利(improve convenience);
關(guān)于現(xiàn)代建筑,它們能夠解決人口膨脹(population expansion)的問題,而且有可能更加適宜居?。╨iveable), 但因此可能造成歷史意義(historical significance)和文化根基(cultural root)的丟失;比如說一些傳統(tǒng)歷史遺跡的破壞(the destruction of some historical constructions)。
以上思路和語(yǔ)言也同樣具有廣泛適用性,請(qǐng)讀者加以記憶和有意識(shí)地運(yùn)用,結(jié)合整篇文章的方法和語(yǔ)言點(diǎn),嘗試思考練習(xí)以下的題目:
We live in cities or towns which have museums displaying objects of historical and cultural importance, but people do not visit them. How do you think people do not visit museums in their local areas? What is the importance of museums to society?
Modern buildings are appearing in large numbers, some people believe that we should build out buildings in traditional styles. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of “fast food” and “traditional food”?
Nowadays,the trend of fashion changes very rapidly, and gradually people become the slaves of it. Some people think that a person should choose comfortable clothes, which he or she likes, regardless of fashion. Do you agree or disagree?
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